德国天鹅堡,急求新天鹅堡的英文介绍！

Neuschwanstein Castle (German: Schloss Neuschwanstein, pronounced [nɔʏˈʃvaːnʃtaɪn]) is a 19th-century Gothic Revival palace on a rugged hill above the village of Hohenschwangau near Füssen in southwest Bavaria, Germany. The palace was commissioned by Ludwig II of Bavaria as a retreat and as an homage to Richard Wagner. The palace was intended as a personal refuge for the reclusive king, but it was opened to the paying public immediately after his death in 1886.[1] Since then over 60 million people have visited Neuschwanstein Castle.[2] More than 1.3 million people visit annually, with up to 6,000 per day in the summer.[3] The palace has appeared prominently in several movies and was the inspiration for Disneyland's Sleeping Beauty Castle[4] and later, similar structures. Neuschwanstein embodies both the contemporaneous architectural fashion known as castle romanticism (German: Burgenromantik), and Ludwig II's immoderate enthusiasm for the operas of Richard Wagner.In the 19th century many castles were constructed or reconstructed, often with significant changes to make them more picturesque. Palace-building projects similar to Neuschwanstein had been undertaken earlier in several of the German states and included Hohenschwangau Castle, Lichtenstein Castle, Hohenzollern Castle and numerous buildings on the River Rhine such as Stolzenfels Castle.[11] The inspiration for the construction of Neuschwanstein came from two journeys in 1867: One in May to the reconstructed Wartburg near Eisenach,[12] another in July to the Château de Pierrefonds, which Eugène Viollet-le-Duc was transforming from a ruined castle into a historistic palace. In 1868, the ruins of the medieval twin castles were demolished completely; the remains of the old keep were blown up.[26] The foundation stone for the Palace was laid on September 5, 1869; in 1872 its cellar was completed and in 1876, everything up to the first floor. But the Gatehouse was finished first. At the end of the year 1873 it was completed and fully furnished, allowing Ludwig to take provisional lodgings there and observe the further construction work.[25] In 1874, direction of the civil works passed from Eduard Riedel to Georg von Dollmann.[27] The topping out ceremony for the Palas was in 1880, and in 1884, the king could move into the new building. In the same year the direction of the project passed to Julius Hofmann, after Dollmann had fallen in disgrace. The palace was erected as a conventional brick construction and later encased with other types of rock. The white limestone used for the fronts came from a nearby quarry.[28] The sandstone bricks for the portals and bay windows came from Schlaitdorf in Württemberg. Marble from Untersberg near Salzburg was used for the windows, the arch ribs, the columns and the capitals. The Throne Hall was a later addition to the plans and required a steel framework. The transport of building materials was facilitated by a scaffolding and a steam crane that lifted the material to the construction site. Another crane was used at the construction site itself. The recently founded Dampfkessel-Revisionsverein (Steam Boiler Inspection Association) regularly inspected both boilers. Ludwig II (1886) For about two decades the construction site was the principal employer of the region.[29] In 1880, about 200 craftsmen were occupied at the site,[30] not counting suppliers and other persons indirectly involved in the construction. At times when the king insisted on particularly close deadlines and urgent changes, reportedly up to 300 workers per day were active, sometimes at night by the light of oil lamps. Statistics from the years 1879/1880 support an immense amount of building materials: 465 t (513 short tons) of Salzburg marble, 1,550 t (1,710 short tons) of sandstone, 400,000 bricks and 2,050 m3 (2,680 cu yd) of wood for the scaffolding. In 1870 a society was founded for insuring the workers, for a low monthly fee, augmented by the king. The heirs of construction casualties (30 cases are mentioned in the statistics) received a small pension. In 1884 the king could move into the (still unfinished) Palas,[31] and in 1885, he invited his mother Marie to Neuschwanstein on the occasion of her 60th birthday.[nb 5] By 1886, the external structure of the Palas (hall) was mostly finished.[31] In the same year, Ludwig had the first, wooden Marienbrücke over the Pöllat Gorge replaced by a steel construction. Despite its size, Neuschwanstein did not have space for the royal court, but contained only the king's private lodging and servants' rooms. The court buildings served decorative, rather than residential purposes:[10] The palace was intended to serve Ludwig II as a kind of inhabitable theatrical setting.[31] As a temple of friendship it was also devoted to life and work of Richard Wagner, who died in 1883 before he had set foot in the building.[32] In the end, Ludwig II only lived in the palace for a total of 172 days.

英国人经常说，他们的家是他们自己的城堡。意思是家对于他们而言是极为重要和私密的。英国大部分居民居住在一栋栋房屋而不是公寓里，许多人拥有他们自己的住宅。这意味着人们可以让自己的住宅具有自己的个性。他们粉刷住宅的墙壁，按照自己喜欢的样子打扮自己的住宅。 多数住宅附带花园，即使空间极小，花园通常惹人喜爱。房子和花园是居住者的私人空间。人们通常喜欢划定一个属于自己的空间。你现在正坐在自己家里还是火车上？你是否曾经在自己四周划定一个属于你的空间？如果正在火车上，你也许会把自己的外套和小包放在邻座。如果你和别人合租一套公寓，你也许会划定一个角落或一把椅子作为自己的私人空间。 有一次，我乘火车去伦敦旅行。我当时在一个四人套间里，有一张桌子在大家中间。与我同侧的一位男子完全霸占了原本属于我的桌子边的空间。我生气了。或许他认为整张桌子都是属于他的吧！我正巧读完一本有关“无需动口的交流技巧”的书。于是我从自己包里抽出一叠刊物，放在他的公文包上。当我如此做时，那男子脸色僵硬，两只眼珠子似乎要弹出眼眶了。我已经侵犯了他的空间！几分钟后，我从他的公文包上拿起我的纸质刊物读起来。他迅速将自己的包挪到属于他自己的桌子那边。当然，他可能正打算帮我吧！ 如果你正在国外旅游，或许会感觉不到自己有任何私人空间。世界各国的旅馆似乎是千篇一律的式样。整天整夜，你与其他人共用各类公共场所。你会看见本地人在自己的私人空间里。你感到孤独，感到自己是“外来客”。本地人可以谈论一些你不知道的事情，从而打造属于他们的私人空间。你甚至可以感受到他们就是喜欢让你呆在“外部”，而他们自己可以更多地享受自己“内部空间”！这是一位旅行者需要克服的困难之一。但如果理解这种“空间感”，你就会释然了。你难道没有体验过作为一个团体的成员、享有一部分“自己的”私人空间的乐趣吗？People often say that the Englishman’s home is his castle. They mean that the home is very important and personal to him. Most people in Britain live in houses rather than flats, and many people own their homes. This means that they can make them individual（个体的）;they can paint them, and change them in any way they like. Most house have a garden, even if it is a very small one, and the garden is usually loved. The house and the garden are the private（私人的）space of the individual.People usually like to mark their space. Are you sitting now in your home or on a train?have you marked the space around yourself as your? If you are on the train you may put your coat or small bag on the seat beside you. If you share a flat you may have one corner or chair which is your own.Once I was travelling on a train to London. I was in a section for four people and there was a table between us The man on the space on my side of the table at all. I was angry. Maybe he thought that he owned the whole table. I had read a book about non-verbal communications o I took various papers out of my bag and put them on his briefcase! When I did this he stiffened and his eyes nearly popped(瞪出)out of his head. I had invaded(侵犯)his space! A few minutes later I took my papers off his case in order to read them. He immediately moved his case to his side of the table. Of course, it is possible that he just wanted to be helpful to me! If you are visiting another country you may feel that you don’t have any private space. Hotel rooms look much the same in every country in the world. All day long ,you share public spaces with other people. You see the local people in their private spaces and you feel lonely and “outside”. Local people can create their private spaces by talking about things you don’t know about .And you even feel that they like you to be outside them so that they will enjoy being inside even more! This is one of the difficulties of being a traveler! But if you understand it then it helps you .Haven’t you enjoyed being part of a group and “owning” a bit of space?希望采纳

犹如童话世界般的天鹅堡

提起德国的古堡，就不得不说说那个痴情、倔强，又有些自闭的巴伐利亚国王路德维希二世（King Ludwig II），在德国数不清的大大小小的城堡中，比较有名的几座都专属于他的名下，当然，这里面最著名的还是梦幻般的新天鹅堡。

路德维希二世就是国人熟知的茜茜公主的表弟，据说，他一直暗恋茜茜公主，在他入住尚未完工的新城堡时，茜茜公主送了一只瓷制的天鹅祝贺，于是路德维希二世就将此城堡命名为新天鹅堡。



新天鹅堡（Neuschwanstein Castle）是座白墙蓝顶的神话城堡，位于德州Fussen小镇上，在阿尔卑斯山脉中，它名闻遐迩：据说美得如诗如画，宛如人间仙境，是本地区的象征，并被当地人引为骄傲。

太阳时而从云层中透出光芒，雾气飘渺，远远的山问，云海茫茫，树木繁茂。只见连绵起伏的黛色的群山中、新天鹅堡若隐若现，隐约可见它洁白的尖顶、远远地就能目睹她与众不同的风姿，在山峦云雾掩映下、如云中仙子风姿绰约、如梦如幻、犹如圣洁高雅、展翅欲飞的白天鹅，它雄据山巅、眸睨大地。峰回路转、愈进前去愈看得清晰：它有优美的造型、高低远近、错落有致的尖塔、楼中楼。



新天鹅堡始建一八六九年，在Fussen小镇上，位于德国罗曼蒂克大道的南端，它名闻遐迩：据说美得如诗如画，宛如人间仙境，是本地区的象征，并被当地人引为骄傲。城堡的建造具有非常的戏剧性。最初它是由巴伐利亚国王路德维希二世（King Ludwig II of Bavaria）的梦想所设计，国王是艺术的爱好者，一生受着瓦格纳歌剧的影响，他构想了那传说中曾是白雪公主居住的地方。他邀请剧院画家和舞台布置者绘制了建筑草图，梦幻的气氛、无数的天鹅图画，加上围绕城堡四周的湖泊，沉沉的湖水，确实如人间仙境。


月色下的天鹅堡更显得美丽而神秘

路德维希二世(King Ludwig II of Bavaria)并不喜欢政事，他专注于督促自己城堡的兴建，在当时城堡的建造也花费相当巨额，被认为是不适于统治而去位。国王生前并未看到自己的梦想完工，城堡是后人逐年完成，因此今日所见的城堡有着前人与后人合作的痕迹，每年百万人到此探访，这可能是国王当初所没有想到的。

新天鹅堡内到处装饰有天鹅的日常用品、帏帐、壁画，就连盥洗室的自来水水龙头，也装饰着天鹅形状。堡内的生活用水方面，是在二百公尺高的山谷中，建造蓄水池，储存石缝中流出的清水，利用自然的力量水压，提供包括顶层在内全堡的用水。例如寝室内设有天鹅形状的送水装置，一转动水笼头便有清水自水笼头流出。此外，厨房内侧设有锅炉房，整个宫殿因暖风而变得温暖，在严寒的冬季只有暖风是不够的，另外设置了卷吊装置，将暖炉的燃料送至各个层楼。


盥洗室内有很多天鹅造型的装饰品

新天鹅堡，这么一座光芒四射、屹立不摇的华丽建筑物，它的造价到底花费了多少的钱呢？根据纪录，从设计到完工，总计花费了六百二十万的马克，如果换算成现在的费用，那又会是多少钱呢？由于牵涉因素过于复杂，就工程而言，即耗时十七年的时间，再因货币价值的变动，可能无法计算出正确的答案。如果大概的估算，以下计算方可成立，公元1871年巴伐利亚王国的学校老师年收入在一千四百元至二千零七十六马克。

路德维希二世(King Ludwig II of Bavaria)



年轻和年长时候的 路德维希二世
路德维希二世，1845年8月25日出生于慕尼黑近郊的宁芬堡（Nymphenburg）。他是国王马克西米安二世（Maximillian II）和玛丽亚（Marie）皇后的最年长的儿子，以他的祖父的名字路德维希一世（King Ludwig I）命名。

18558年，路德维希二世十三岁的时候，他的女家庭教师给他讲述了理查瓦格纳即将完成的歌剧《罗安格林》（Lohengrin），歌剧内容主要围绕英雄中世纪天鹅骑士罗安格林的故事，从此与瓦格纳结下了无法割舍的情谊。直到今天，我们仍可以在旧天鹅堡（Hohenschwangau）中发现以罗安格林“Lohengrin”的剧照所作成的壁画。



1864年，年仅18岁的路德维希二世继位，很快这位瓦格纳便派遣部下前往慕尼黑将瓦格纳请进了皇宫，并成为他的庇护人。而路德维希二世与奥地利女皇的妹妹苏菲亚（Sophie）一开始也因为瓦格纳而交往甚欢。苏菲亚是一位妙龄的金发女孩，和路德维希一样是瓦格纳（Wagner）的祟拜者。年轻国王与苏菲亚（Sophie）相处时，很多的时间都在谈论瓦格纳（Wagner），彼此穿着歌剧"天鹅骑士"男女主角的服饰， 看起来俩人看似一对让人羡慕的佳偶。经过双方家族的洽商，婚礼订在1867年10月12日。未几，大家发现俩人感情有变，苏菲亚（Sophie）提出分手，路德维希二世则奔向他最爱的阿尔卑斯山，婚事解除，如释重负，继续生活在他的梦境中。


林德霍夫城堡内的花园

除了新天鹅堡（Neuschwanstein）路德维希二世还建有其他城堡如林德霍夫城堡（Linderhof）和基姆湖城堡（Herreninsel Castle）都是在德国阿尔卑斯山止，也正是这些巨大的建筑耗尽了国库的资金，因此在1886年路德维希二世被迫退位，三天后被发现死在“史坦贝尔格湖”（starnberger），死因至今仍是一个谜。后人发现国王事实上只在基姆湖城堡住了一个星期就死了，结束了他第三个也是最后一个神话美梦。

截止2013年6月27日第37届世界遗产大会结束，德国共计拥有38项世界遗产，遗产包括35项文化遗产，3项自然遗产；其中1项与英国共有，1项与波兰共有，1项与荷兰共有，1项与乌克兰和斯洛伐克共有，1项为6国共有。遗产数量与法国并列世界第4位。　　在这38项世界遗产名录中，新天鹅堡并不在其中。所以新天鹅堡不是世界文化遗产，但极有可能是德国申遗的预备项目。

它属于施万高镇（德语：Schwangau），该镇是德国巴伐利亚州施瓦本行政区的一个小镇，隶属东阿尔高县，位于巴伐利亚州南部，依傍阿尔卑斯山麓。施万高是浪漫之路上的一个重要景区，境内的霍恩施万高汇集着著名的旅游胜地新天鹅堡和高天鹅堡。

小镇距离菲森市约4公里。

新天鹅堡（英：New Swan Stone Castle 德语：Schloss Neuschwanstein）全名新天鹅石城堡，是19世纪晚期的建筑，位于德国巴伐利亚西南方，邻近年代较早的高天鹅堡（Schloss Hohenschwangau，又称旧天鹅堡），距离菲森（Füssen）镇约4公里，离德国与奥地利边界不远。

新天鹅城堡（Neuschwanstein Castle）又名“白雪公主城堡”，是座白墙蓝顶的神话城堡，坐落于于德州Fussen小镇上，在阿尔卑斯山脉中，始建1869年。城堡的建造非常具有戏剧性。最初它是由巴伐利亚国王路德维希二世（King Ludwig II of Bavaria）的梦想所设计，国王是艺术的爱好者，一生受着瓦格纳歌剧的影响，他构想了那传说中曾是白雪公主居住的地方。他邀请剧院画家和舞台布置者绘制了建筑草图，梦幻的气氛、无数的天鹅图画，加上围绕城堡四周的湖泊，沉沉的湖水，美得如诗如画，宛如人间仙境，是德国的象征之一，被德国人引为骄傲。